Toxicidad y repelencia a la oviposición de extractos vegetales comerciales sobre el parasitoide Anagyrus tristis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2026.4212812Palabras clave:
Phenacoccus madeirensis, extractos vegetales, Parasitismo, Control biológicoResumen
El control químico ha sido el más utilizado en el combate de piojos harinosos, lo que ha provocado resistencia en algunas especies y afectaciones a la fauna benéfica. El control biológico mediante el uso de parasitoides, en combinación con extractos vegetales, representa una alternativa más sostenible. Anagyrus tristis es un parasitoide del piojo harinoso Phenacoccus madeirensis, y podría ser un agente de control biológico potencial en México. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la toxicidad con base en los efectos letales y repelencia a la oviposición de seis extractos vegetales comerciales sobre A. tristis en condiciones de laboratorio utilizando tres metodologías de aplicación; aspersión (toxicidad letal directa), alimentación (toxicidad oral) y repelencia a la oviposición. Los resultados de toxicidad letal y oral se clasificaron con los criterios establecidos por la Organización Internacional de Control Biológico (IOBC) para bioensayos en laboratorio. En el bioensayo de toxicidad directa, los extractos de cempasúchil (Tagetes spp.), chicalote (Argemone mexicana) y epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides) resultaron ligeramente tóxicos (>30%), mientras que los extractos de canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), neem (Azadirachta indica) y ajo (Allium sativum) resultaron inofensivos en el parasitoide (mortalidades entre el 18 y 26%). Por otra parte, en las pruebas de toxicidad oral todos los extractos fueron clasificados como inofensivos (mortalidad < 30%). En las pruebas de repelencia todos los extractos tuvieron una reducción significativa en la oviposición (> 50%) comparada con el testigo. En conclusión, los extractos de cempasúchil, epazote y chicalote tuvieron un efecto mayor en la mortalidad de A. tristis. Los resultados sugieren que los extractos de canela, neem y ajo pueden incorporarse junto con el uso de parasitoides en el combate de P. madeirensis, por su rápida degradación y poca persistencia en el ambiente. No obstante, se deben realizar ensayos en invernadero y campo para buscar su integración en una propuesta de manejo integrado de plagas.
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