Publicado 06-09-2021
Palabras clave
- Áreas Naturales Protegidas,
- asalvajamiento,
- conectividad,
- depredadores tope,
- efecto de dilución
- salud ecológica ...Más
Cómo citar
Derechos de autor 2021 ACTA ZOOLÓGICA MEXICANA (N.S.)

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Resumen
La crisis de la pérdida de biodiversidad por el impacto de las actividades humanas ha afectado el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas y los servicios ecosistémicos, así mismo se ha incrementado la carencia de espacios silvestres. Debido al impacto humano globalizado, se deben estructurar y planear estrategias de conservación bajo otras perspectivas. En este ensayo se describen los conceptos Sorta situ, Renaturalización y Una Salud y se hace una reflexión para su aplicación en la problemática de conservación de especies, espacios silvestres y servicios ecosistémicos en México.
Citas
- Albert, C. H., Rayfield, B., Dumitru, M., Gonzalez, A. (2017) Applying network theory to prioritize multispecies habitat networks that are robust to climate and land-use change. Conservation Biology, 31 (6), 1383–1396. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12943
- Almond, R. E. A., Grooten, M., Petersen, T. (Eds) (2020) Informe Planeta Vivo 2020: Revertir la curva de la pérdida de biodiversidad. Resumen. WWF, Gland, Suiza.
- Álvarez-Peredo, C., Contreras-Hernández, A., Gallina-Tessaro, S., Pineda-Vázquez. M., Ortega-Argueta, A., Tejeda-Cruz, C., Landgrave, R. (2018) Impact of the wildlife management units policy on the conservation of species and ecosystems of southeastern Mexico. Sustainability, 10, 4415. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124415
- Anderson, R. M., May, R. M. (1979) Population biology of infectious diseases: Part I. Nature, 280, 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1038/280361a0
- Araiza, M., Carrillo, L., List, R., López-González, C. A., Martínez-Meyer, E., Martínez-Gutiérrez, P. G., Moctezuma, O., Sánchez-Morales, N. E., Servín, J. (2012) Consensus on criteria for potential area for wolf reintroduction in Mexico. Conservation Biology, 26 (4), 630–637. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01888.x
- Baisero, D., Visconti, P., Pacifici, M., Cimatti, M., Rondinini, C. (2020) Projected global loss of mammal habitat due to land-use and climate change. One Earth, 2, 578–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.05.015
- Bar, H. (2020) COVID-19 lockdown: animal life, ecosystem and atmospheric environment. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 8161–8178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01002-7
- Bauman, K., Sahrmann, J., Franklin, A., Asa, C., Agnew, M., Traylor-Holzer, K., Powell, D. (2019) Reproductive Viability Analysis (RVA) as a new tool for ex situ population management. Zoo Biology, 38,55–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21477
- Beaugelin-Seiller, K., Garnier-Laplace, J., Della-Vedova, C., Métivier, J. M., Lepage, H., Mousseau, T. A., Møller, A. P. (2020) Dose reconstruction supports the interpretation of decreased abundance of mammals in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. Scientific Reports, 10, 14083. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70699-3
- Berzaghi, F., Longo, M., Ciais, P., Blake, S., Bretagnolle, F., Vieira, S., Scaranello, M., Scarascia-Mugnozza, G., Doughty, C. E. (2019) Carbon stock in central African forest enhanced by elephant disturbance. Nature Geoscience, 12, 725–729. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0395-6
- Boitani, L., Linnell, J. D. C. (2015) Bringing large mammals back: Large carnivores in Europe. Pp. 67–84. In: H. M. Pereira, L. M. Navarro (Eds.). Rewilding European landscapes. Springer Open.
- Boyce, M. S. (2018) Wolves for Yellowstone: dynamics in time and space. Journal of Mammalogy, 99, 1021–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy115
- Braverman, I. (2014) Conservation without nature. The trouble with in situ versus ex situ conservation. Geoforum, 51, 47–57. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2356563
- Ceballos, G., Zarza, H., Cerecedo-Palacios, G., Lazcano, M. A., Huerta, M., De la Torre, A., Rubio, Y., Morales, J. J. (2019) Corredores biológicos y áreas prioritarias para la conservación del jagual en México. Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, México.
- Cerqueira, Y., Navarro, L. M., Maes, J., Marta-Perdoso, C., Honrado, J. P., Pereira, H. M. (2015) Ecosystem services: The opportunities of rewilding in Europe. Pp. 47–66. In: H. M. Pereira, L. M. Navarro (Eds.). Rewilding European landscapes. Springer Open.
- Civitello, D. J., Cohen, J., Fatima, H., Halstead, N. T., Liriano, J., McMahon, T. A., Ortega, C. N., Sauer, E. L., Sehgal, T., Young, S., Rohr, J. R. (2015) Biodiversity inhibits parasites: Broad evidence for dilution effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 112 (28), 8667–8671. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506279112
- Chauvenet, A. L. M., Watson, J. E. M., Adams, V. M., Di Marco, M., Venter, O., Davis, K. J., Mappin, B., Klein, C. J., Kuempel, C. D., Possingham, H. P. (2020) To achieve big wins for terrestrial conservation, prioritize protection of ecoregions closest to meeting targets. One Earth, 2, 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.04.013
- [CONANP] Comisión de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (2019) Estadísticas ADVC. Disponible en: https://advc.conanp.gob.mx/estadisticas-advc/ (consultado 18 agosto 2021).
- [CONANP] Comisión de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (2020) Áreas Naturales Protegidas decretadas. Disponible en: http://sig.conanp.gob.mx/website/pagsig/datos_anp.htm (consultado 15 diciembre 2020).
- Conde, D. A., Flesness, N., Colchero, F., Jones, O. R., Scheuerlein, A. (2011) An emerging role of zoos to conserve biodiversity. Science, 331, 1390–1391. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1200674
- Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Sutton, P., Van der Ploeg, S., Anderson, S., Kubiszewski, I., Farber, S., Turner, R. K. (2014) Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 26, 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002
- Córdova-Paz Soldán, O. M., Malqui-Peláez, M. R. (2015) Identificación de potenciales vectores y reservorios de transmisión de Yersinia pestis, en zonas de alto riesgo en la región La Libertad. Pueblo Continente, 26 (1), 65–73.
- Deryabina, T. G., Kuchmel, S. V., Nagorskaya, L. L., Hinton, T. G., Beasley, J. C., Lerebours, A., Smith, J. T. (2015) Long-term census data reveal abundant wildlife populations at Chernobyl. Current Biology, 25, R811–R826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.017
- Dirzo, R., Young, H. S., Galetti, M., Ceballos, G., Isaac, N. J. B., Collen, B. (2014) Defaunation in the Anthropocene. Science, 345, 401–406. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251817
- Equihua, Z., Benítez, B., Schmidt, M., Equihua, B., Álvarez, P. (2014) Integridad ecológica como indicador de la calidad ambiental. Pp. 695–718. In: E. González-Zuarth, A. Vallarino, J. C. Pérez-Jiménez, A. M. Low-Pfeng (Eds.). Bioindicadores: Guardianes de nuestro futuro ambiental. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (INECC), San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas.
- Flores-Armillas, V. H., Valenzuela-Galván, D., Peña-Mondragón, J. L., López-Medellín, X. (2020) Los conflictos humano-fauna silvestre en México: revisión del estado actual y perspectivas. Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios, 7 (1), e2274. https://doi.org/10.19136/era.a7n1.2274
- Galetti, M., Dirzo, R. (2013) Ecological and evolutionary consequences of living in a defaunated world. Biological Conservation, 163, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.020
- González-Saucedo, Z. Y., González-Bernal, A., Martínez-Meyer, E. (2021) Identifying priority areas for landscape connectivity for three large carnivores in northwestern Mexico and southwestern United States. Landscape Ecology, 36, 877–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01185-4
- Grantham, H. S., Duncan, A., Evans, T. D., Jones, K. R., Beyer, H. L., Schuster, R., Walston, J., Ray, J. C., Robinson, J. G., Callow, M., Clemens, T., Costa, H. M., DeGemmis, A., Elsen, P. R., Ervin, J., Franco, P., Goldman, E., Goetz, S., Hansen, A., Hofsvang, E., Jantz, P., Jupiter S., Kang, A., Langhammer, P., Laurence, W. F., Lieberman, S., Linkie, M., Malhi, Y., Maxwell, S., Mendez, M., Mittermeier, R., Murray, N. J., Possingham, H., Radachowsky, J., Saatchi, S., Samper, C., Silverman, J., Shapiro, A., Strassburg, B., Stevens, T., Stokes, E., Taylor, R., Tear, T., Tizard R., Venter, O., Visconti, P., Wang, S., Watson, J. E. M. (2020) Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forest have high ecosystem integrity. Nature Communications, 11, 5978. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
- Halffter, G. (1978) Las Reservas de la Biosfera en el Estado de Durango: una nueva política de conservación y estudio de los recursos bióticos. Pp. 15–45. In: G. Halffter (Ed.). Reservas de la Biosfera en el Estado de Durango. Instituto de Ecología, A.C. México, D.F.
- Halffter, G. (2005) Towards a culture of biodiversity conservation. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), 21 (2), 133–153. https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2005.2121991
- Halffter, G. (2011) Reservas de la Biosfera: problemas y oportunidades en México. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie), 27 (1), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2011.271743
- Halliday, F. W., Rohr, J. R. (2019) Measuring the shape of the biodiversity-disease relationship across systems reveals new findings and key gaps. Nature Communications, 10, 5032. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13049-w
- Hannah, L., Roehrdanz, P. R., Marquet, P. A., Enquist, B. J., Midgley, G., Foden, W., Lovett, J. C., Corlett, R. T., Corcoran, D., Butchart, S. H. M., Boyle, B., Feng, X., Maitner, B., Fajardo, J., McGill, B. J., Merow, C., Morueta-Holme, N., Newman, E. A., Park, D. S., Raes, N., Svenning, J. C. (2020) 30% land conservation and climate reduces tropical extinction risk y more than 50%. Ecography, 43, 943–953. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05166
- Harwell, M. A., Gentile, J. H., McKinney, L. D., Tunnell, J. W., Dennison, W. C., Kelsey, R. H., Stanzel, K. M., Stunz, G. W., Withers, K., Tunnel, J. (2019) Conceptual framework for assessing ecosystem health. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 15, 544–564. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4152
- Hobbs, N. T. (2006) A model analysis of effects of wolf predation on prevalence of Chronic Wasting Disease in elk populations f Rocky Mountain National Park. Environmental Quality Council. Disponible en: http://files.cfc.umt.edu/cesu/NPS/CSU/2005/Hobbs_wolf%20cwd%20report.pdf (consultado 15 diciembre 2020).
- Johnson, P. T. J., de Roode, J. C., Fenton, A. (2015a) Why infectious disease research needs community ecology. Science, 349 (6252), 1259504. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259504
- Johnson, C. K., Hitchens, P. L., Evans, T. S., Goldstein, T., Thomas, K., Clemens, A., Joly, D. O., Wolfe, N. D., Daszak, P., Karesh, W. B., Mazet, J. K. (2015b) Spillover and pandemic properties of zoonotic viruses with high host plasticity. Scientific Reports, 5, 14830. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14830
- Kahn, L. H., Monath, T. P., Bokma, B. H., Gibss, E. P., Aguirre, A. A. (2012) One health, one medicine. Pp. 33–44. In: A. A. Aguirre, R. S. Osfteld, P. Daszak (Eds.). New directions in conservation medicine. Applied cases of ecological health. Oxford University Press.
- Kock, M. D. (1996) Wildlife, people, and development: Veterinary contributions to wildlife health and resource management in Africa. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 28, 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02250729
- Kremen, C., Ostfeld, R. S. (2005) A call to ecologist: measuring, analyzing, and managing ecosystems services. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3 (19), 540–548. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0540:ACTEMA]2.0.CO;2
- Liu, X., Lyu, S., Zhou, S., Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2016) Warming and fertilization alter the dilution effect of host diversity on disease severity. Ecology, 97 (7), 1680–1689. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-1784.1
- Manenti, R., Mori, E., Di Canio, V., Mercurio, S., Picone, M., Caffi, M., Brambilla, M., Ficetola, G. F., Rubolini, D. (2020) The good, the bad and the ugly of COVID-19 lockdown effects on wildlife conservation: Insights from the first European locked down country. Biological Conservation, 249, 108728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108728
- Manfredo, M. J., Urquiza-Hass, E. G., Don Carlos, A. W., Bruskotter, J. T., Dietsch, A. M. (2020) How anthropomorphism is changing the social context of modern wildlife conservation. Biological Conservation, 241, 108297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108297
- Martínez-Meyer, E., González-Bernal, A., Velasco, J. A., Swetnam, T. L., González-Saucedo, Z. Y., Servín, J., López-González, C. A., Oakleaf, J, K., Liley, S., Heffelfinger, J. R. (2021) Rangewide habitat suitability analysis for the Mexican Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) to identify recovery areas in its historical distribution. Biodiversity and Distributions, 27 (4), 642–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13222
- May, R. (1983) Parasitic infections as regulators of animal populations. American Scientist, 71, 36–45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27851816
- McCallum, H. I. (2015) Lose biodiversity, gain disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 112 (28), 8523–8524. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510607112
- Mora, F. (2019) The use of ecological integrity indicators within the natural capital index framework: The ecological and economic value of the remnant natural capital of Mexico. Journal for Nature Conservation, 47, 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.11.007
- Naciones Unidas (1992) Convention on biological diversity. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Navarro, L. M., Pereira, H. M. (2012) Rewilding abandoned landscapes in Europe. Ecosystems, 15, 900–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9558-7
- Nogués-Bravo, D., Simberloff, D., Rahbek, C., Sanders, N. J. (2016) Rewilding is the new Pandora’s box in conservation. Current Biology, 26, R83–R101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.044
- Noss. R. F. (1990) Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology, 4 (4), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1523-1739.1990.TB00309.X
- Ostfeld, R. S. (2009) Biodiversity loss and the rise of zoonotic pathogens. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 15 (Suppl. 1), 40–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02691.x
- Ostfeld, R. S., Holt, R. D. (2004) Are predators good for your health? Evaluating evidence for top-down regulation of zoonotic disease reservoirs. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2 (1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0013:APGFYH]2.0.CO;2
- Ostfeld, R. S., LoGiudice, K. (2003) Community disassembly, biodiversity loss, and the erosion of an ecosystem service. Ecology, 84 (6), 1421–1427. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-3125
- Patterson, M. E., Montag, J. M., Williams, D. R. (2003) The urbanization of wildlife management: Social science, conflict, and decision making. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 1, 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1078/1618-8667-00017
- Pereira, H. M., Navarro, L. M., Martins, I. S. (2012) Global biodiversity change: the bad, the ugly, and the unknown. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37, 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-042911-093511
- Perino, A., Pereira, H. M., Navarro, L. M., Fernández, N., Bullock, J. M., Ceauşu, S., Cortés-Avizanda, A., van Klink, R., Kuemmerle, T., Lomba, A., Pe’er, G., Plieninger, T., Benayas, J. M. R., Sandom, C. J., Svenning, J. C., Wheller, H. C. (2019) Rewilding complex ecosystem. Science, 364 (6438), eaav5570. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav5570
- Recio, M. R., Sand, H., Virgós, E. (2020) Promoting grazing or rewilding initiatives against rural exodus? The return of the wolf and other large carnivores must be considered. Environmental Conservation, 47 (4), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892920000284
- Ripple, W. J., Beschta, R. L. (2006) Linking wolves to willows via risk-sensitive foraging by ungulates in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management, 230, 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.023
- Ripple, W. J., Beschta, R. L. (2012) Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biological Conservation, 145, 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.005
- Row, J. R., Doherty, K. E., Cross, T. B., Schwartz, M. K., Olyer-McCance, S. J., Naugle, D. E., Knick, S. T., Fedy, B. C. (2018) Quantifying functional connectivity: The role of breeding habitat, abundance, and landscape features on range-wide gene flow in sage-grouse. Evolutionary Applications, 11, 1305–1321. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12627
- Rutz, C., Loretto, M. C., Bates, A. E., Davidson, S. C., Duarte, C. M., Jetz, W., Johnson, M., Kato, A., Kays, R., Mueller, T., Primack, R. B., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Tucker, M. A., Wikelski, M., Cagnacci, F. (2020) COVID-19 lockdown allows researchers to quantify the effects of human activity on wildlife. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4, 1156–1159. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-020-1237-z
- Sala, O. E., Stuart Chapin, F., Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D. M., Mooney, H. A., Oesterheld, M., LeRoyPoff, N., Sykes, M. T., Walker, B. H., Walker, M., Wall, D. H. (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science, 287, 1770–1774. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1770
- Sánchez-David, C. E. (2008) La Muerte Negra, “El avance de la Peste”. Revista Med, 16 (1), 133–135.
- Sandom, C., Donlan, C. J., Svenning, J. C., Hansen, D. (2013) Rewilding. Pp. 430–451. In: D. W. Macdonald, K. J. Willis (Eds.). Key topics in Conservation Biology 2. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Saunders, M. E. (2020) Conceptual ambiguity hinders measurement and management of ecosystem disservices. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57 (9), 1840–1846. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13665
- Saura, S., Bastin, L., Battistella, L., Mandrici, A., Dubois, G. (2017) Protected areas in the world’s ecoregions: How well connected are they? Ecological Indicators, 76, 144–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.047
- Saura, S., Bertzky, B., Bastin, L., Battistella, L., Mandrici, A., Dubois, G. (2019) Global trends in protected area connectivity from 2010 to 2018. Biological Conservation, 238, 108–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.07.028
- [SCBD] Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2005) Handbook of the Convention on Biological Diversity Including its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 3rd edition. Montreal, Canadá.
- [SCBD] Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (2010) Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011-2020. Montreal, Canadá.
- [SCBD] Secretaría del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (2014) Perspectiva Mundial sobre la Diversidad Biológica 4. Montreal, Canadá.
- [SEMARNAT] Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (2019) Registros de unidades de manejo para la conservación de la vida silvestre (UMA). Datos y Recursos. Disponible en: https://datos.gob.mx/busca/dataset/registros-de-unidades-de-manejo-para-la-conservacion-de-la-vida-silvestre-uma (consultado 18 diciembre 2020).
- Soga, M., Gaston, K. J. (2020) The ecology of human–nature interactions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287, 20191882. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1882
- Soulé, M. E. (1985) What is Conservation Biology? BioScience, 35, 727–734. https://doi.org/10.2307/1310054
- Soulé, M. E., Noss, R. F. (1998) Rewilding and biodiversity: complementary goals for continental conservation. Wild Earth, Fall, 22.
- Strassburg, B. B. N., Iribarrem, A., Beyer, H. L., Cordeiro, C. L., Crouzeilles, R., Jakovac, C. C., Junqueira, C. L., Lacerda, E., Latawiec, A. E., Balmford, A., Brooks, T. M., Butchart, S. H. M., Chasdon, R. L., Erb, K. H., Brancalion, P., Buchanan, G., Cooper, D., Díaz, S., Donald, P. F., Kapos, V., Leclère, D., Miles, L., Obersteiner, M., Plutzar, C., Scaramuzza, C. L. M., Scarano, F. R., Visconti, P. (2020) Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration. Nature, 586, 724–729. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2784-9
- Stronen, A. V., Brook, R. K., Paquet, P. C., Mclachlan, S. (2007) Farmer attitudes toward wolves: Implications for the role of predators in managing disease. Biological Conservation, 135, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.012
- Tanner, E., White, A., Acevedo, P., Balseiro, A., Marcos, J., Gortázar, C. (2019) Wolves contribute to disease control in a multi-host system. Scientific Reports, 9, 7940. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44148-9
- Thakur, M. P., Bakker, E. S., Veen, G. F., Harvey, J. A. (2020) Climate extreme, rewilding, and the role of microhabitats. One Earth, 2, 506–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.05.010
- Thulin, C. G., Röcklinsberg, H. (2020) Ethical considerations for wildlife reintroduction and rewilding. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00163
- Velázquez, J., Gutiérrez, J., García-Abril, A., Hernando, A., Aparicio, M., Sánchez, B. (2019) Structural connectivity as an indicator of species richness and landscape diversity in Castilla y León (Spain). Forest Ecology and Management, 432, 286–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.09.035
- Watson, J. E. M., Shanahan, D. F., Di Marco, M., Allan, J., Laurence, W. F., Sanderson, E. W., Mackey, B., Venter, O. (2016) Catastrophic declines in wilderness areas undermine global environment targets. Current Biology, 26, 2929–2934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.049
- Wild, M. A., Hobbs, N. T., Graham, M. S., Miller, M. W. (2011) The role of predation in disease control: a comparison of selective and nonselective removal on prion disease dynamics in deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-47.1.78
- Wolf, C., Ripple, W. J. (2018) Rewilding the world’s large carnivores. Royal Society Open Science, 5, 172235. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172235
- Wolfe, B. A., Aguilar, R. F., Aguirre, A. A., Olsen, G. H., Blumer, E. S. (2012) Sorta situ. The new reality of management conditions for wildlife populations in the absence of “wild” spaces. Pp. 576–589. In: A. A. Aguirre, R. S. Osfteld, P. Daszak (Eds.). New directions in conservation medicine. Applied cases of ecological health. Oxford University Press.