Antagonistic interaction networks in a native and an exotic legume species in Colombian tropical dry forest
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2021.3712355Palabras clave:
redes ecológicas, bruquidos, parasitoides, especies invasoras, leguminosasResumen
Las interacciones entre plantas y animales desempeñan un papel fundamental en el funcionamiento y la estructura de los ecosistemas. Se espera que las comunidades de insectos asociados a semillas sean muy específicas para cada especie de planta debido a la gran cantidad de barreras físicas y químicas que las semillas imponen a los herbívoros. Además, las especies leguminosas, el taxón vegetal dominante en el bosque seco tropical, ofrecen una gran cantidad de recursos para la especialización de insectos, estructurando comunidades especiliazadas de herbivoros. Sin embargo, la introducción de especies exóticas en este ecosistema puede reducer la diversidad y simplificar las interacciones. Mediante el análisis de redes ecológicas, comparamos la diversidad y estructura de los insectos asociados a las semillas y sus parasitoides entre la especie de leguminosa nativa Pseudosamanea guachapele y la leguminosa exótica e invasora Leucaena leucocephala. También evaluamos las diferencias en la composición química de semillas con el fin de determinar en qué medida ésta podría ayudar a explicar las diferencias en las comunidades de insectos asociadas. El estudio se llevó a cabo en un bosque seco tropical en el departamento de Tolima, Colombia. Encontramos siete especies de escarabajos y ocho especies de parasitoides. Las redes de interacción de insectos de ambas especies de plantas tenían baja conectividad, anidamiento, generalidad y vulnerabilidad. Leucaena leucocephala tuvo la mayor diversidad de escarabajos y parasitoides en comparación con P. guachapele, tal vez porque L. leucocephala produce semillas durante todo el año, mientras que P. guachapele tiene una estacionalidad marcada produciendo frutos sólo durante uno o dos meses del año. Identificamos un total de 26 compuestos en las semillas de los dos huéspedes. Las semillas de P. guachapele, tienen el doble de compuestos que las de L. leucocephala. Entre las principales diferencias entre la composición de las semillas de la planta hospedera se encuentran la composición de ácidos grasos, que ofrecen diferentes fuentes de colesterol para el desarrollo de insectos. Esto puede ayudar a explicar la presencia de especies de consumidores de semillas asociadas a cada planta. Es importante resaltar que las redes descritas aquí pueden cambiar a través del tiempo y los paisajes, haciendo interesante seguir analizando la variación en la riqueza y estructura de dichas redes con el fin de definir hasta qué punto las interacciones encontradas en este estudio se mantienen constantes.
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