Factores abióticos y bióticos determinantes para la presencia de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en anfibios mexicanos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21829/azm.2019.3502066Palabras clave:
Estacionalidad, PCR anidada, renacuajos, índice de vida acuática, modelo de distribución de especies, CARTResumen
Evaluamos la presencia de Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) en 13 especies de anfibios mexicanos asociada a factores abióticos y bióticos como un modelo de distribución de especies mediante árboles de clasificación y regresión (CART). El hongo quítrido fue diagnosticado a partir de hisopados cutáneos de anfibios adultos, y frotis orales de renacuajos por medio de PCR anidada para un fragmento de rRNA de 300 pb. Los especímenes fueron muestreados en siete tipos de vegetación durante las temporadas seca y lluviosa. El hongo quítrido se detectó por primera vez en Charadrayla taeniopus y Leptodactylus fragilis, especies en las que no se había registrado previamente; también se confirmó su presencia en anfibios de la selva alta perennifolia del sureste de México. De acuerdo con los CART, las dos variables más importantes para la ocurrencia de Bd son la especie del hospedero y la precipitación, pero su combinación con otras variables como el estado de desarrollo, la temperatura ambiental, la temporada climática, el tipo de vegetación y altos índices de vida acuática influyen en la presencia del hongo quítrido. Además, se obtuvo que los renacuajos tienen 1.52 veces más prevalencia de Bd que los adultos, y los renacuajos de dos especies de anfibios estudiadas son potencialmente reservorios. Aunque ningún anfibio mostró signos clínicos de quitridiomicosis, nuestros hallazgos indican que la presencia y la persistencia de Bd pueden estar relacionadas con la susceptibilidad o resistencia de las especies y la interacción de diversos factores abióticos y bióticos.
Descargas
Citas
Andre, S. E., Parker, J., Briggs, C. J. (2008) Effect of temperature on host response to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in the mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 44, 716–720. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.716 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.3.716
Beard, K. H., O’Neill, E. M. (2005) Infection of an invasive frog Eleutherodactylus coqui by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Hawaii. Biological Conservation, 126, 591–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.07.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.07.004
Bell, J. F. (1996) Application of classification trees to the habitat preference of upland birds. Journal of Applied Statistic, 23, 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664769624297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02664769624297
Berger, L., Speare, R., Daszak, P., Green, D. E., Cunningham, A. A., Goggin, C. L., Slocombe, R., Ragan, M. A., Hyatt, A. D., McDonald, K. R., Hines, H. B., Lips, K. R., Marantelli, G., Parkes, H. (1998) Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proceedings of National Academy of Science, 95, 9301–9306. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.15.9031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.15.9031
Berger, L., Speare, R., Hines, H. B., Marantelli, G., Hyatt, A. D., McDonald, K. R., Skerratt, L. F., Olsen, V., Clarke, J. M., Gillespie, G., Mahony, M., Sheppard, N., Williams, C., Tyler, M. J. (2004) Effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis. Australian Veterinary Journal, 82, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11137.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11137.x
Briggs, C. J., Knapp, R. A., Vredenburg, V. T. (2010) Enzootic and epizootic dynamics of the chytrid fungal pathogen of amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 107, 9695–9700. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912886107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912886107
Bosch, J., Martínez-Solano, I., García-París, M. (2001) Evidence of a chytrid fungus infection involved in the decline of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in protected areas of central Spain. Biology Conservation, 97, 331–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00132-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00132-4
Bradley, G. A., Rosen, P. C., Sredl, M. J., Jones, T. R., Longcore, J. E. (2002) Chytridiomycosis in native Arizona frogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 38, 206–212. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.1.206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.1.206
Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Stone, C. J., Olshen, R. A. (1984) Classification and regression trees. CRC press. New York, USA.
Burgin, S., Schell, C. B., Briggs, C. (2005) Is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis really the proximate cause of frog decline? Acta Zoologica Sinica, 51, 344–348.
Bustamante, H., Livo, L. J., Carey, C. (2012) Effects of temperature and hydric environment on survival of the Panamanian Golden Frog infected with a pathogenic chytrid fungus. Integrative Zoology, 5, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00197.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00197.x
Carnaval, A. C., Puschendorf, R., Peixoto, O. L., Verdade, V. K., Rodrigues, M. T. (2006) Amphibian chytrid fungus broadly distributed in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest. EcoHealth, 3, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-005-0008-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-005-0008-2
Cashins, S. D. (2009) Epidemiology of chytridiomycosis in rainforest stream tadpoles. PhD Dissertation. James Cook University. Australia, 207 pp.
CONAGUA (2011) Comisión Nacional del Agua. Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Disponible en: http://smn.cna.gob.mx/climatologia/analisis/reporte/Anual2011.pdf (Acceso en julio de 2017).
Daskin, J. H., Bell, S. C., Schwarzkopf, L., Alford, R. A. (2014) Cool temperatures reduce antifungal activity of symbiotic bacteria of threatened amphibians–implications for disease management and patterns of decline. PLoS ONE, 9, e100378. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100378
Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., Hyatt, A. D. (2003) Infectious diseases and amphibian population declines. Diversity and Distribution, 9, 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00016.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2003.00016.x
Flechas, S. V., Sarmiento, C., Amézquita, A. (2012) Bd on the Beach: High Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Lowland Forests of Gorgona Island (Colombia, South America). EcoHealth, 9, 298-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-012-0771-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-012-0771-9
Frías-Álvarez, P. P., Vrendenburg, V. T., Familiar-López, M., Longcore, J. E., González-Bernal, E., Santos-Barrera, G., Zambrano, L., Parra-Olea, G. (2008) Chytridiomycosis survey in wild and captive Mexican amphibians. EcoHealth, 5, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-008-0155-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-008-0155-3
Gaertner, J. P., Forstner, M. R. J., O’Donnell, L., Hall, D. (2009) Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in endemic salamander species from Central Texas. EcoHealth, 6, 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-009-0229-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-009-0229-x
Goka, K., Yokoyama, J., Une, Y., Kuroki, T., Suzuki, K., Nakahara, M., Kobayashi, A., Inaba, S., Mizutani, T., Hyatt, A. D. (2009) Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: distribution, haplotypes and possible route of entry into Japan. Molecular Ecology, 18, 4757–4774. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04384.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04384.x
Gosner, K. L. (1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica, 16, 183–190. www.jstor.org/stable/3890061.
Gotelli, N. J., Ellison, A. M. (2004) A primer of ecological statistics. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, MA, EUA.
Gray, M. J., Duffus, A. L. J., Haman, K. H., Harris, R. N., Allender, M. C., Thompson, T. A., Christman, M. R., Zacerdote-Velat, A., Sprague, L. A., Williams, J. M., Miller, D. L. (2017) Pathogen surveillance in herpetofaunal populations: guidance on study design, sample collection, biosecurity and intervention strategies. Herpetological Review, 48 (2), 334–351.
Gründler, M. C., Toledo, L. F., Parra-Olea, G., Haddad, C. F. B., Giasson, L. O. M., Sawaya, R. J., Prado, C. P. A., Araujo, O. G. S., Zara, F. J., Centeno, F. C., Zamudio, K. R. (2012) Interaction between breeding habitat and elevation affects prevalence but not infection intensity of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Brazilian anuran assemblages. Diseases and Aquatic Organisms, 97, 173–184. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02413 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02413
Heard, M., Smith, K. F., Ripp, K. (2011) Examining the evidence for Chytridiomycosis in threatened amphibian species. PLos ONE, 6, e23150. https://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023150
Hernández-López, P., Santiago-Alarcón, D., López-Velázquez, A. (2018) Factores ecológicos que afectan la infección por Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis en anfibios de México. pp. 53–78, en: López-Velázquez, A., Basanta, M. D., Ochoa-Ochoa, L. M. (Eds.). Quitridiomicosis en México. Publicaciones de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana No. 5.
Heumann, C., Schomaker, M., Shalabh. (2016) Introduction to statistic and data analysis: with exercises, solutions and applications in R. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46162-5
INEGI (2017) Anuario Estadístico y Geográfico de Tabasco-2017. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, Gobierno del Estado de Tabasco. 440 pp.
IUCN (2017) International Union for Conservation of Nature. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2017.3. Disponible en: http://www.iucnredlist.org (acceso en mayo de 2018).
James, T. Y., Litvintseva, A., Vilgalys, R., Morgan, J. A. T., Taylor, J. W., Fisher, M. C., Berger, L., Weldon, C., du Preez, L., Longcore, J. E. (2009) Rapid expansion of an emerging fungal disease into declining and healthy amphibian populations. PLoS Pathogens, 5, e1000458. http://doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000458 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000458
Johnson, M. L., Speare, R. (2005) Possible modes of dissemination of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the environment. Diseases of Aquatic Organism, 65, 181–186. https://doi:10.3354/dao065181 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/dao065181
Kawada, J., Kimura, H., Ito, Y., Hoshino, Y., Tanaka-Kitajima, N., Ando, Y., Futamura, M., Morishina, T. (2004) Comparison of real-time and nested PCR assay for detection of herpes simplex virus DNA. Microbiology Immunology, 48, 411–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03530.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03530.x
Kilpatrick, A. M., Briggs, C. J., Daszak, P. (2010) The ecology and impact of chytridiomycosis: an emerging disease of amphibians. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25, 109–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.011
Kriger, K. M., Hero, J. M., Ashton, K. J. (2006) Cost efficiency in the detection of chytridiomycosis using PCR assay. Diseases of Aquatic Organism, 71, 149–154. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao071149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/dao071149
Kriger, K. M., Hero, J. M. (2007) The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is non-randomly across amphibian breeding habitats. Diversity and Distributions, 13, 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00394.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00394.x
Kriger, K. M., Hero J. M. (2008) Altitudinal distribution of chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) infection in subtropical Australian frogs. Austral Ecology, 33, 1022–1032. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01872.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01872.x
Laurence, W. F. (1996) Epidemic disease and the catastrophic decline of Australian rain forest frogs. Conservation Biology, 10, 406–413. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2386857 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020406.x
Laurence, W. F., McDonald, K. R., Speare, R. (1997) In defense of the epidemic disease hypothesis. Conservation Biology, 11, 1030–1034. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2387341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.97109.x
Lips, K. R., Reeve, J. D., Witters, L. R. (2003) Ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in Central America. Conservation Biology, 17, 1078–1088. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01623.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01623.x
Lips, K. R., Mendelson III, J. R., Muñoz-Alonso, A., Canseco-Márquez, L., Malcahy, D. G. (2004) Amphibian population declines in montane southern Mexico: resurveys of historical localities. Biological Conservation, 119, 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.017 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.017
Longcore, J. E., Pessier, A. P., Nichols, D. K. (1999) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis gen. Et sp. Nov., a chytrid pathogenic to amphibians. Mycologia, 91, 219–227. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3761366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12061011
Longmire, J. L., Maltbie, M., Baker, R. J. (1997) Use of lysis buffer in RNA isolation and its implications for museum collections. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University, 163, 1–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.143318
Longo, A. V., Burrowes, P. A. (2010) Persistence with chytridiomycosis does not assure survival of direct-developing frogs. EcoHealth, 7, 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-010-0327-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-010-0327-9
López-Velázquez, A. (2018) Ocurrencia de la quitridiomicosis en México. pp. 35–52, en: López-Velázquez A., Basanta, M. D., Ochoa-Ochoa, L. M. (Eds). Quitridiomicosis en México. Publicación especial de la Sociedad Herpetológica Mexicana A. C. No. 5.
Luja, V. H., Rodríguez-Estrella, R., Ratzlaff, K., Parra-Olea, G., Ramírez-Bautista, A. (2012) The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in isolated populations of the Baja California treefrog Pseudacris hypochondriaca curta in Baja California Sur, Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist, 57, 323–355. https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-57.3.323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1894/0038-4909-57.3.323
Ma, Z., Luo, Y., Michailides, T. J. (2003) Nested PCR assay for detection of Monilinia fructicola in stone fruit Orchards and Botryosphaeria dithidea from pistachios in California. Journal of Phytopathology, 151, 312–322. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00725.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00725.x
Marantelli, G., Berger, L., Speare, R., Keegan, L. (2004) Distribution of the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and keratin during tadpole development. Pacific Conservation Biology, 10 (3), 173–179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/PC040173
McCallum, H. (2005) Inconclusiveness of Chytridiomycosis as the agent in widespread frog declines. Conservation Biology, 19, 1421–1430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00217.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00217.x
McCracken, S., Gaertner, J. P., Forstner, M. R. J., Hahn, D. (2009) Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians from the forest floor to the upper canopy of an Ecuadorian Amazon lowland rainforest. Herpetological Review, 40, 190–195.
Mendoza-Almeralla, C., Burrowes, P., Parra-Olea, G. (2015) La quitridiomicosis en los anfibios de México: una revisión. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 86, 238–248. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.42588 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.42588
Miller, S. A., Dykes, D. D., Polesky, H. F. (1988) A simple salting out procedure for extracting RNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Research, 16, 1215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/16.3.1215
Muñoz-Alonso, L. A. (2013) Riqueza, diversidad y estatus de los anfibios amenazados en el sureste de México; una evaluación para determinar las posibles causas de la declinación de sus poblaciones. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur¬–Critical Ecosystem Parthernship Fund-Arizona State University. Disponible en: http://www.cepf.net/Documents/final_Ecosur_amphibians_mexico.pdf
Murrieta-Galindo, R., Parra-Olea, G., González-Romero, A., López-Barrera, F., Vredenburg, V. T. (2014) Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians inhabiting cloud forests and coffee agroecosystems in central Veracruz, Mexico. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 60, 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-014-0800-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-014-0800-9
Nichols, D. K., Lamirande, E. W., Pessier, A. P., Longcore, J. E. (2001) Experimental transmission of cutaneous chytridiomycosis in dendrobatid frogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 37, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.1.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.1.1
O’Hanlon, S. J., Rieux, A., Farrer, R. A., Rosa, G. M., Waldam, B., Bataille, A., Kosch, T. A., Murray, K. A., Brankovics, B., Fumagalli, M., Martin, M. D., Wales, N., Alvarado-Rybak, M., Bates, K. A., Berger, L., Böll, S., Brookes, L., Clare, F., Courtois, E. A., Cunningham, A. A., Doherty-Bone, T. M., Ghosh, P., Gower, D. J., Hintz, W. E., Höglund, J., Jenkinson, T. S., Lin, C-F., Laurila, A., Loyau, A., Martel, A., Meurling, S., Miaud, C., Minting, P., Pasmans, F., Schmeller, D. S., Schmidt, B. R., Shelton J. M .G., Skerrat, L. F., Smith, F., Soto-Azat, C., Spagnoletti, M., Tessa, G., Toledo, L. F., Valenzuela-Sánchez, A., Verster, R., Vörös, J., Webb, R. J., Wierzbicki, C., Wombwell, E., Zamudio, K. R., Aanensen, D. M., James, T. Y., Gilbert, M. T. P., Weldon, C., Bosch, J., Balloux, F., Garner, T. W. J., Fisher, M. C. (2018) Recent Asian origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines. Science, 360, 621–627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar1965
Piotrowski, J. S., Annis, S. L., Longcore, J. E. (2004) Physiology of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid pathogen of amphibians. Mycologia, 96, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2005.11832990 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2005.11832990
Piova-Scott, J., Pope, K. L., Lawer, S. P., Cole, E. M., Foley, J. E. (2011) Factors related to the distribution and prevalence of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Rana cascadae and other amphibians in the Klamath Mountains. Biological Conservation, 144, 2913–2921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.08.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.08.008
Pounds, A. J., Bustamonte, M. R., Coloma, L. A., Consuegra, J. A., Fogden, M. P. L., Foster, P. N., La Marca, E., Masters, K. L., Merino-Viteri, A., Puschendorf, R., Ron, S. R., Sanchez-Azofeifa, G. A., Still, C. J., Young, B. E. (2006) Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming. Nature, 439, 161–167. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04246
Puschendorf, R., Bolaños, F., Chaves, G. (2006) The amphibian chytrid fungus along an altitudinal transect before the first reported declines in Costa Rica. Biological Conservation, 132, 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.03.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.03.010
Quintero-Díaz, G. E. (2004) Frecuencia de anormalidades y evidencias de infección por un hongo quítrido en larvas de anuros en dos zonas montañosas de Chiapas. Tesis de Maestría. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR.
Rachowicz, L. J. (2002) Mouthpart pigmentation in Rana muscosa tadpoles: seasonal changes without chytridiomycosis. Herpetology Review, 33, 263–265.
Rachowicz, L. J., Hero, J. M., Alford, R. A., Taylor, J. W., Morgan, J. A. T., Vredenburg, V. T., Collins, J. P., Briggs, C. J. (2005) The novel and endemic pathogen hypotheses: competing explanations for the origin of emerging infectious diseases of wildlife. Conservation Biology, 19, 1441–1448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00255.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00255.x
Rohr, J. R., Raffel, T. R. (2010) Linking global climate and temperature variability to widespread amphibian declines putatively caused by disease. Proceedings of Natural Academy of Science, 107, 8269–8274. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912883107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912883107
Rollins-Smith, L. A., Reinert, L. K., Miera, V., Conlon, J. M. (2002) Antimicrobial peptide defenses of the Tarahumara frog, Rana tarahumarae. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 297, 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02217-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02217-9
Searle, C. L., Biga, L. M., Spatafora, J. W., Blaustein, A. R. (2011) A dilution effect in the emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 108, 16322–16326. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108490108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108490108
Sinclair, A.R.E., Fryxell, J. M., Caughley, G. (2006) Wildlife ecology, conservation, and management. Second edition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Skerrat, L. F., Berger, L., Hines, H. B., McDonald, K. R., Mendez, D., Speare, R. (2008) Survey protocol for detecting chytridiomycosis in all Australian frog populations. Diseases of Aquatic Organism, 80, 85–94. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao01923 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/dao01923
Slenning, B. D. (2010) Global climate change and implications for disease emergence. Veterinary Pathology, 47, 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985809354465 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985809354465
Smith, K. G., Weldon, C., Conradie, W., du Preez, L. H. (2007) Relationships among size, development, and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in African tadpoles. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 74, 159–164. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao074159 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/dao074159
Sodhi, N. S., Bickford, D., Diesmos, A. C., Lee, T. M., Koh, L. P., Brooks, B. W., Sekercioglu, C. H., Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2008) Measuring the meltdown: drivers of global amphibian extinction and decline. PLoS ONE, 3, e1636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001636
Stuart, S. N., Chanson, J. S., Cox, N. A., Young, B. E., Rodrigues, A. S. L., Fischman, D. L., Waller, R. W. (2004) Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science, 306, 1783–1786. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103538
Toledo, L. F., Britto, F. B., Araujo, O. G. S., Giasson, L. M. O., Haddad, C. F. B. (2006) The occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Brazil and the inclusion of 17 new cases of infection. South American Journal of Herpetology, 1, 185–191. https://doi.org/10.2994/1808-9798(2006)1[185:TOOBDI]2.0.CO;2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2994/1808-9798(2006)1[185:TOOBDI]2.0.CO;2
Vayssières, M. P., Plant, R. E., Allenâ€?Diaz, B. H. (2000) Classification trees: An alternative nonâ€?parametric approach for predicting species distributions. Journal of Vegetation Science, 11, 679–694. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236575 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3236575
Voyles, J., Young, S., Berger, L., Campbell, C., Voyles, W. F., Dinudom, A., Cook, D., Webb, R., Alford, R. A., Skerratt, L. F., Speare, R. (2009) Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines. Science, 326, 582–585. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176765 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176765
Weldon, C., du Preez, L. H., Hyatt, A. D., Muller, R., Speare, R. (2004) Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10, 2100–2105. https://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1012.030804 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1012.030804
Whitfield, S. M., Kerby, J., Gentry, L. R., Donnelly, M. A. (2012) Temporal variation in infection prevalence by the amphibian chytrid fungus in the species of frogs at La Selva, Costa Rica. Biotropica, 44, 779–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00872.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00872.x
Woodhams, D. C., Alford, R. A. (2005) Ecology of chytridiomycosis in rainforest stream frog assemblages of tropical Queensland. Conservation Biology, 19, 1449–1459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.004403.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.004403.x
Woodhams, D. C., Alford, R. A., Briggs, C. J., Johnson, M., Rollins-Smith, L. A. (2008) Life-history trade-offs influence disease in changing climates: Strategies of an amphibian pathogen. Ecology, 89, 1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1842.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1842.1
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
-
Resumen3119
-
PDF780
-
XML329
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2019 ACTA ZOOLÓGICA MEXICANA (N.S.)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Acta Zoológica Mexicana (nueva serie) por Instituto de Ecología, A.C. se distribuye bajo una
Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
